Gene Level Biodiversity

What is a gene level biodiversity? To find these answers, try to observe the rose plant.The plant has a colorful flower, can be red, white or yellow. Or the mango crop, diversity can be found among others in the form of fruit, flavor, and color. Similarly, in animals.You can compare the free-range chicken, jungle fowl, broilers, and chickens. You will see the diversity of nature, among others, on the shape and body size, coat color and shape of wattle. 

Diversity of flower color on roses. Form, flavor, color in mangoes, and diversity of nature, coat color and shape of wattle on the chicken, this is all due to the influence of the nature of the device called a gene. All living things within a single species or species have the same basic constituent genes. Genes are part of chromosomes that control the characteristics or nature of an organism that is derived from the parent or parents to their offspring. Genes in each individual, although the same basic constituent, but its composition varies depending on each parent. The composition of the genes that determine the characteristics or nature of an individual within a species.

What caused the diversity of genes? Marriage between two individuals a kind of living things is one of the causes. Descendants of the marriage has the composition of the genes derived from both the parent / parents. The combination composition of the genes from two parent will cause the diversity of individuals within one species of the varieties (varieties) that occur naturally or artificially. Naturally occurring diversity is a result of adaptation or adjustment of each individual with the environment, such as the mango. Environmental factors also affect the nature of the visible (phenotype) of an individual in addition determined by genetic factors (genotype). While artificial diversity may occur among others through interbreeding (hybridization).

In humans there is also diversity of genes that show different characteristics, including body size (large, small, medium); skin color (black, white, brown, yellow) eye color (blue, black, brown), as well as form hair (curly, straight, curly).

Biodiversity

Biodiversity

When you hear the word "Diversity", in your mind might be imagined that a collection of diverse objects, both sizes, colors, shapes, textures and so forth. The shadow is indeed not wrong. The word diversity is to describe the state of a variety of objects, which can occur due to differences in size, shape, texture or amount. While the word "Life" implies a living thing. So biodiversity describes the variety of living things (organisms) residents of the biosphere. Diversity or diversity of living things can happen as a result of differences in color, size, shape, number, texture, appearance and other properties. While the diversity of living things can be seen in the presence of characteristic similarities between living things.To understand the concept keseragamandan diversity of living things, you go to the school yard. Observe the surrounding environment! You will find a variety of plants and animals. If you notice plants that, then you will find a trunked plants is high, for example: palms, mango, banyan, coconut. And a low-trunked, for example: chili, tomatoes, jasmine, roses and others. 
There is a trunked plants hard, soft and trunked. There is a broad leaf, but there is also a small leaf, and colorful flowers. Similarly, you'll find plants that have similar characteristics such as bone or parallel pinnate leaves, root system riding or fiber, seed closed or open, flower crown berkelipatan 3 or 5 and others.Similarly, in the animals that you find, there are animals like big cats, cows, buffalo, and a smallish like ants and butterflies. There were four-footed animals, like cats. Two-legged like a chicken.
Like many-legged centipedes and luwing. Also will look bird has feathers and wings. In addition, you will also find an animal that lives in water, such as carp, catfish, carp fish.And the animals that live on land such as cats, birds and others. There are animals whose body was covered with feathers like birds, chickens. There are scaly like a fish, carp, goldfish, and there pulayang haired like cats, rabbits and others. From the observation or observations in the yard, you have found the existence of uniformity and diversity in living things. 

Whiteflies ( Bimisia spp )

Whiteflies, Bemisia spp. including leaf-sucking insect pests which have over 1,000 host species scattered in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Damage caused bythese pests is directly interfere with the growth of plants because the leaves suckedfluid, and indirectly result in the secretion of honey dew which can lead to sticky cottonfiber (sticky cotton) and also potentially be a mushroom growth media that pollutes thecotton fiber. In addition, the pest is also known to act as vectors of plant virus diseasesof cotton.

Newly

Bemisia spp. first discovered in tobacco plants in Greece in 1889. In India, this pestinsect populations explode on cotton crop in the late 1920s until the early 1930s. Nextstart attacking various crops in Sudan, El Salvador, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Israel,Thailand, Arizona, and California around 1962 to1981. Increasing plant population onsoybean in Brazil began around 1972 1973 and in Indonesia occurred around 19811982.  In addition to the soybean, Bemisia spp. also found to attack the green bean plant. Other host plants are also found in Indonesia, particularly in Sumatra and Java are the tobacco mosaic virus disease (cracker) that is transmitted by Bemisia spp.

Adult whiteflies in length - 1.5 - 3mm. White and resembles a moth-shaped seeds.Females incubate their eggs on the leaf surface which hatch in 10 days. Newly hatchedchicks crawling on the leaf surface until they find a suitable place to find food and stay.They remain in place until formation of cocoons. They can live between 30-70 days.Adult flies are found in younger leaves and store their eggs at this level. Pupae and new adult who is located in the lowest leaf level. They can cause damage by sucking sap outof plants.

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Leaf and Stomata

In a tree there are many different organs have different functions. Each part plays an important role in plant life. one of them is a leaf. Leaf is one tanamn organ that growsfrom the stem, usually green leaves. The green color on leaves due to chlorophyll in theleaves.  
Organs ofplants that contain chlorophyll not only leaves, no roots that emergeout of the soil and green, the roots also contain chlorophyll. Examples are Adenium plants. leaf is the most
important organ in plants because plants are obligateorganisms, plants must produce their own food, the leaves are printer engine in plantfoods.  Energy is a food source for plants, leaves to convert sunlight into energy.

You know, the leaves have a small hole that serves as the exit point of water and air. This small hole has an important role in the process of transpiration and photosynthesis. These small holes called STOMATA. stomata is a cleft in the epidermis which is limited bytwo cover cells that contain chloroplasts and have a different form and function with the epidermis. Stomata have an important function.

The Function Of Stomata:

1. As a way of entry of CO2 from the air in the process of photosynthesis. Stomata to take CO2 from the air to be used as materials of photosynthesis, O2 issuedas a result of photosynthesis. Stomata are like our noses where stomata take CO2 fromthe air and release O2, while the nose take O2 and release CO2. Stomata located on the lower epidermis. In addition to the stomata, higher plants also breathe throughlenticels which is located on the rod.
2. As a way of evaporation (transpiration)
3. As a way of breathing (respiration)

Stomata are usually found in green plants, especially leaves. on plants that live below the water surface, there are plants that are structurally similar tools such as stomata, but not the stomata. On green leaves, the stomata located on one surface only. 

The location of stomata on leaves is not always the same among the plant with oneanother, there are 5 types where the stomata on leaves.

• lily-type forest. stomata only found in the epidermis above it, like the water lily andother aquatic plants.
• Potato Type. more scattered stomata on the underside of leaves and a little on the top of the leaf, like the cabbage, tomatoes, beans, peas, potatoes and others.
• Apple Type. stomata only found on the underside of jaun course, like the peach, apple,mulberry, walnut and others.
• Oats Type. the number of stomata on the under side of leaves and leaf together, such as corn, oats, grass and others.
• Potamogeton Type. stomata absolutely nothing if there are vestigial, as in plants underwater.

There are some sections contained in the stomata, such as the cell cover or guard cells. Neighboring cells, and the air space inside. Cover the cell consists of a pair of cells thatlook symmetrical, kidney-shaped.  Uniqueness of guard cells is smooth fiber cellulose inthe cell wall is composed circling guard cells, the pattern of this arrangement is knownas radial miselasi. Neighboring cells on the stomata are closing the cell surrounding the cell.  Neighboringcell consists of 2 pieces of cells that directly work together with the cell cover.  Then the air space inside. air space within a space between cells is large, has a dual function inthe process of photosynthesis and transpiration

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Ginger Plant And Its History

Ginger. Who does not know the ginger plant. Plants that have a million benefits. Ginger plant is a plant which is very popular as a spice and as medicine. Ginger plant thought to originate from the country India, but many people who believe that the ginger crop coming from the south china people's republic. Ginger plants brought from India as trade goods. ginger trade to southeast Asia, Japan, China to the Middle East. Ginger into a commodity that is very popular in Europe because the region provides a sense of warm ginger and spicy food.

Ginger plants can only live in the tropics, so many are cultivated ginger plant equatorialareas such as southeast Asia, Africa and Brazil. Ginger is a plant that has a very gooddrug efficacy, ginger consumption worldwide increased annually. Current state is the largest supplier of ginger equadoe and brazil.

Ginger plant has a root in the form of rhizomes, rhizome root is often used as medicine. Ginger rhizome roots like fingers, have the joints in the middle. Ginger has a distinctive flavor, ginger has a dominant taste spicy. Spicy flavor is caused bycompounds zingeron. pseudo-ginger plant has a stem with 30 cm to 100 cm high. Rootsshaped rhizome with flesh colored yellow to reddish, ginger has the smell was terrible. Ginger plant has pinnate leaves, length 15 cm to 23 cm and width 8 cm to 23 cm. Gingerhas a fluffy pliers petiole, flower plants grow from the ground ginger, egg-shaped, length3.5 cm to 5 cm wide and 1.5 cm to 1.75 cm. Peduncle scales ginger has as many as 5to 7 pieces. Yellowish green ginger flower, flower lips and the stigma purple. Ginger plantflower has a pistil 2 pieces.

Ginger has a few different types, each type has a different character, ranging from thesize color and elements contained therein. The following are the types of ginger plants.

1. large yellow and white ginger. This is often called elephant ginger . This ginger plant has a large rhizome plants and plump, rimpangnya morebloated than the other types.
2. small yellow and white ginger. ginger is often called ginger sunti. ginger rhizome rootsof plants is small, but has a volatile content lebbih big.
3. red ginger. red ginger has the most small size, red ginger always harvested when old.red ginger also has a very large volatile content.

The following is a ginger plant classification.

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: zingiberales

family: Zingiberaceae

genus: Zingiber

species: z. officinale

Image Reference

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